Philip Spiess
As there has been recent mention in these pages of our classmate, Mark Lehman, publishing a collection of his poetry, as well as a reminder that our venerable high school’s 125th anniversary and history is about to be celebrated [see the Venables, below], perhaps it is time to review:
SOME PROMINENT CINCINNATI POETS
Alice and Phoebe Cary: Alice and Phoebe Cary were sister poets in early 19th-century Cincinnati, who gained national acclaim. They co-published their early poems in 1849, and then later went on to publish poems on their own. After their deaths in 1871, joint anthologies of the sisters’ unpublished poems were also published (1873).
Alice Cary (1820-1871) was born in 1820 in Mount Healthy, Ohio, her parents living on a farm bought by her father, Robert Cary, in 1813 in what is now North College Hill, Ohio; these 27 acres of farm he called “Clovernook Farm.”
Phoebe Cary (1824-1871), Alice’s younger sister, was born as well in Mount Healthy, Ohio, in 1824; both she and her sister were raised on the Clovernook Farm, part of a family of nine children. The household in which they were raised was a Universalist one, holding religious and political views that were both liberal and reformist, though they often attended Methodist, Presbyterian, and Congregationalist services (these denominations differing more in church government than in theological beliefs), and they remained friendly with the ministers of these and related denominations.
Although the girls occasionally attended school (they lived a good ten miles from the nearest school, which was, at that time, given modes of travel, a good distance), they were often needed to work on the farm at home, and so they ended up largely self-educated. After their mother died in 1835, their father remarried in 1837. However, their new stepmother was completely unsympathetic to the girls’ literary inclinations, which began in their teens when their verses began to be printed in newspapers. Nevertheless, the girls were determined to study and write when the day’s work was done. Their new mother’s response was to deny them the use of candles, so they used a saucer of lard with a rag for the wick to study and write after the family had retired for the night [much as I used a flashlight to read by when in high school after I supposedly had gone to bed].
Alice’s first major poem, “The Child of Sorrow,” was published in 1838, and was praised by Edgar Allan Poe, among others. Phoebe Cary, being more outgoing than her sister, became a champion of women’s rights; for a short time she edited Revolution, a newspaper published by Susan B. Anthony. Then in 1848 the sisters’ poetry was published in Female Poets of America, an anthology edited by Rufus Wilmot Griswold, who later helped to publish Poems of Alice and Phoebe Cary (1849). This volume brought the sisters much critical acclaim, and in 1850 they moved to New York City, living on 20th Street, where their home became “the centre of one of the choicest and most cosmopolitan circles in New York.”
In New York, Phoebe took the major share of household duties, as Alice was, for many years, an invalid; thus she (Phoebe) found little time to write, though she published two volumes of her own poetry, Poems and Parodies (1854) and Poems of Faith, Hope and Love (1867). In addition, she penned lyrics for church hymnals, such as “Nearer Home” (a.k.a. “One Sweetly Solemn Thought”). Alice wrote for the Atlantic Monthly, Harper’s, and Putnam’s Magazine, her articles later being collected into well-received volumes. While in New York, the Cary sisters hosted Sunday evening receptions attended by such notables as John Greenleaf Whittier, P. T. Barnum, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, as well as many other notables of the day in literary and artistic circles.
In 1868, the journalist and editor Horace Greeley wrote a brief joint biography of Alice and Phoebe [he spelled it “Phebe”]. Alice, who became president of the first women’s club in the United States, “Sororis,” died of tuberculosis in 1871; among her prose works was The Clovernook Children. Phoebe died later the same year of hepatitis (some say malaria); they are buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.
Probably the sisters’ best known poem today (or at least its story) is Phoebe Cary’s “A Leak in the Dike: A Story of Holland,” which relates the well-known folk tale of the Dutch boy who puts his finger in the dike to prevent a leak from eroding the dike and causing major flood damage to his city. [No, this is not related to the “Mannekin Pis,” which is in Brussels, Belgium, and is another folk tale entirely!]
Cary Cottage and Clovernook: As noted above, Clovernook Farm was the family home of poets Alice and Phoebe Cary (now in North College Hill, Ohio). Their father, Robert Cary, erected a small three-room frame house on the farm for the family in 1814, a house which became the birthplace of the Cary sisters. Later, as the family grew, in 1832 he built a more substantial white brick house with a frame porch; this house is now known as Cary Cottage (7000 Hamilton Avenue). It contains original wooden floors, a narrow winding staircase, a large kitchen fireplace and bake oven, and a working outdoor well. The bricks used in its construction were made on the property, which was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Restoration and furnishing of the cottage [open to the public on a several-day-a-week basis], begun after its National Register listing, was based on a number of descriptive passages in Alice’s and Phoebe’s poems.
In 1903, Cary Cottage became the first home for blind women in Ohio. The Trader sisters, Florence and Georgia (who was blind), were instrumental in this effort: William A. Procter, grandson of a Procter & Gamble Co. founder, purchased the cottage and surrounding land and gave it in trust to the Trader sisters. Initially, thirteen blind women and one man lived in the house; the Trader sisters provided them with employment as a source of dignity. Eventually this mission became the work of the Clovernook Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired, which now offers instruction, employment, community living, and low vision services for both women and men. The Center runs three manufacturing departments and is one of the country’s largest producers of Braille publications.
John James Piatt (1835-1917): There were numerous branches of the Piatt family in Ohio, stemming from Benjamin M. Piatt, who came with his bride, a Virginian, to live in Cincinnati circa 1800. Benjamin became a law partner of Nicholas Longworth, and eventually he was made a judge. His brother, John H. Piatt, in 1817 gave the land to the city which became Piatt Park on Garfield Place, Cincinnati’s oldest park. In 1828, Judge Benjamin Piatt bought a small farm near the stream the Shawnees called “Macochee,” somewhat east of West Liberty, Ohio; his sons built two Victorian mansions there, “Chateau Mac-A-Cheek,” built in 1871 by Gen. Abraham Sanders Piatt, and “Castle Mac-O-Chee,” built somewhat later by his brother Col. Donn Piatt, a diplomat and Ohio poet. (Both houses, still owned by the Piatt family, are open to the public as museums, though at present they are undergoing restoration.)
Col. Donn Piatt’s second cousin, John James Piatt, the focus of this piece, was born in James Mill (now Milton), Indiana, and is known as an American poet, civil servant, and diplomat. At 14 he apprenticed to the Ohio State Journal to learn the trade of printing. His earliest published poems appeared in the Louisville Journal (1857), where he became a regular contributor; in 1859, he likewise became a contributor to The Atlantic Monthly, and in 1861 he married Sarah Morgan Bryan, a fellow poet.
In 1861, Piatt was appointed a clerk in the U. S. Department of the Treasury at Washington, serving until 1867, when he moved to Cincinnati to work for the Cincinnati Chronicle and Cincinnati Commercial newspapers. In 1870 he returned to Washington, serving as enrolling clerk in the U. S. House of Representatives and later as its librarian. Later he served as U. S. Consul to Cork, Ireland, from 1882 to 1893.
His poetic works include the following (partial listing): Poems of Two Friends (1860, with William Dean Howells); The Nests of Washington (1864, with his wife, Sarah Bryan Piatt); Western Windows: And Other Poems (1869; 1877); The Pioneer’s Chimney: And Other Poems (1869); Landmarks: And Other Poems (1871; 1872; rev., 1878); Idyls and Lyrics of the Ohio Valley (1880; 1884; 1888; 1893); Odes in Ohio: And Other Poems (1897); and numerous other works, including some juvenile and non-fiction pieces. He also edited The Union of American Poetry with Art: A Choice Collection of Poems by American Poets (1882), and The Hesperian Tree: An Annual of the Ohio Valley (1900-1903). He is buried in Spring Grove Cemetery.
William Henry Venable (1836-1920): Born in Warren County, Ohio, William Henry Venable began to teach at the age of 17; during his vacations he attended teachers’ institutes in Oxford, Ohio, and became one of the first teachers in the state to receive a life certificate from the Ohio Board of Examiners. He graduated from the National Normal University in Lebanon, Ohio [“normal” in this case, whether referring to “school,” “college,” or “university,” means a teacher training school; in 1907 the university became the Lebanon University, and finally merged with Wilmington College in Wilmington, Ohio]. In 1862 Venable became professor of natural science at the Chickering Classical and Scientific Institute in Cincinnati, Ohio [also known as the Chickering Academy “Select School for Boys,” on George Street]; in the same year, he apparently became principal and proprietor of the school. In 1881, Venable organized, and was president of, the Cincinnati Society of Political Education, and in 1882 he founded and conducted the African School of Popular Science and History in Cincinnati [sorry – I know nothing about this establishment, which seems to have been short-lived].
In 1886, Venable became an editor of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, the professional journal of the then Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society, now the Ohio Historical Society in Columbus (the state historical society and museum); the journal (currently known as Ohio History) is now online. Ohio University gave Venable the degree of LL.D. in 1886. In 1889 he became chairman of the English department at Hughes High School in Cincinnati, and in 1896 [note!] he became chairman of the English department at Walnut Hills High School, also in Cincinnati. While holding these positions he was a proponent of educational reform.
His primary works are Footprints of the Pioneers in the Ohio Valley (1888, the year of the Ohio Valley Centennial Exposition in Cincinnati) and Beginnings of Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley: Historical and Biographical Sketches (1891). But he also wrote (among other things) June on the Miami, and Other Poems (1871); The School Stage: A Collection of Juvenile Acting Plays, Original and Adapted (1873); Melodies of the Heart, Songs of Freedom, and Other Poems (1885); Down South Before the War (1889); Dream of Empire: or, The House of Blennerhassett (1901) [cf. the history of Blennerhassett Island in the Ohio River near Parkersburg, West Virginia]; and Buckeye Boyhood (1911). He also edited The Dramatic Actor (1873), a collection of plays, and Dramatic Scenes from the Best Authors (1874).
His son, Emerson Venable (1875-1965), also taught English at Walnut Hills High School, and he edited a poetry anthology, Poets of Ohio: Selections Representing the Poetical Work of Ohio Authors, from the Pioneer Period to the Present Day (Cincinnati: 1909; 1912).
And William Henry Venable’s granddaughter, Evelyn Venable (1913-1993), attended Walnut Hills High School (Class of 1930), where she was known for her acting as Juliet in Romeo and Juliet, as the Dream Child in Barrie’s Dear Brutus (which some of us read with Miss Keegan), and as Rosalind in As You Like It (under WHHS drama teacher Miss Lotze?). Attracting the attention of famed actor Walter Hampden, after college she toured with his company, playing Ophelia to his Hamlet and Roxane to his Cyrano de Bergerac. She became a noted actress in Hollywood, signing with Paramount Pictures in 1932. She was [according to my film guide] a “leading lady of the Thirties, usually in demure roles.” Among her films were David Harum (1934, with Will Rogers); Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch (1934); The Little Colonel (1935, with Shirley Temple); Alice Adams (1935, with Katharine Hepburn); The Frontiersman (1938); and Death Takes a Holiday (1934, with Fredric March), considered her greatest role. Later, in 1940 Walt Disney chose her voice (and personality) for the character of the “Blue Fairy” in his animation classic, Pinocchio. (She is also one of the possible actresses believed to be the original model for the Columbia Pictures logo used from 1936 to 1976, but the studio has never confirmed it.) In 1943 Venable retired from acting and eventually became a faculty member at UCLA, teaching ancient Greek and Latin [her Walnut Hills upbringing, no doubt!], and organizing the production of Greek plays within the Classics department [Jon Marks, take note!].
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